In the present research work, the reduction of peel stress in the adhesively bonded single-lap joints has been studied. The distributions of normal and shear stresses generated in the adhesive joint were obtained using the twodimensional elasticity theory, as well as the stress-strain and strain-displacement relationships. Minimization of the peel stress was performed using the bees algorithm, during which the process variables included the adhesive and adherends thicknesses. The composite joint was loaded by a tensile force while the adherends and adhesive layers were considered to behave as isotropic materials with linear elastic properties. The results showed that based on an optimum thickness ratio of 2. 54, the magnitude of the peel stress can be reduced by 36%. As Young's moduli ratio, and consequently, the asymmetric adhesion bonding increased, the maximum amount of Peeling stress decreased. Also, the increase in Young's modulus of the bottom layer led to the disruption of stress distribution at the interface of the softer adherend (top layer) and the adhesive layer, while this effect was almost absent at the other interface.

Joints are considered the weakest part of an engineering structure and failure usually occurs in this region, firstly. One of the main factors in the rupture of adhesive joints is the normal stresses between the layers created by the presence of an out-of-center load and bending moment. The present research work has focused on the influence of parameters including the adhesive zone length, adhesive and adherend layer thickness on reducing the amount of normal interlayer stress in a single-lap adhesive joint. Optimization of parameters have been done using BA and PSO optimization algorithm. The distribution of normal and shear stresses are based on two-dimensional elasticity theory that includes the complete stress-strain and strain-displacement relations for the adhesive and adherends. The results obtained from current research revealed that by optimization of mentioned parameters, the value of Peeling stress is significantly reduced. Although increasing in Young’s modulus of adhesive layer leads to an increase in normal stress of the joint, it creates a more uniform stress distribution at the edges. The outcomes also revealed that increasing the length of the joint zone and the thickness of adherends can improve the interlayer normal stress in the adhesive joint.

There are no reports of association of specific cutaneous conditions in patients with local recurrent palmar Peeling. Herein, we report a case with characteristic clinical presentation of local recurrent palmar Peeling associated with a port-wine stain lesion. To the best of our knowledge, that association has not been reported before. Interesting points in the presented case are unilateral occurrence of the Peeling disorder and its limitation to the region of port-wine stain.      

Introduction: Cactus prickly pear is a plant of the cactus (Opuntia stricta), some species of this plant used in this research grow in the regions of southern Iran and the coastal seas of Mazandaran. It is very important to peel in the process of producing products from prickly pear fruit. Optimum heating and infrared irradiation can be used as a suitable and effective method in the pretreatment process with the aim of reducing the consumption of chemicals and harming the environment and increasing the quality of the product. Methods: In this study, using the precursor of ohmic compared to the control sample, the effect of field intensity (1500 to 4500 V / m) and the concentration of sodium chloride (0. 01-0. 03 g / 100 milliliters) and the effect of three The variable power of the device (350 to 850 watts), the distance between sample and IR radiation source (10 to 30 millimeters), and the IR radiation time (45 to 125 seconds) were inflamed irradiation on weight loss, skin thickness, and total phenolic compounds, The amount of ascorbic acid and colorimetric indices L *, a * and b * were studied in Barbed Pear Fruit. Color determination with IM software, ascorbic acid content was determined by iodometric method, thickness with micrometer and phenolic compounds by Folin-Sioukalto method. Hand-peeled prickly pear was considered as a control sample. Results: With increasing field strength and increasing salt concentration of sodium chloride, more favorable results were obtained. The best ohmic treatment with a field strength of 4500 V / m and a concentration of sodium chloride 0. 03 g / 100 ml, the values obtained for weight loss 8. 2 ± 0. 57, ascorbic acid content of 1. 1 ± 0. 005 Milligrams per 100 milliliters and total phenolic compounds totaling 14. 52 ± 0. 8 mg gallic acid per 100 grams, and also the optimum conditions for baking pears with infrared irradiation is 652. 2 W, 45 seconds and 4 cm intervals. In these conditions, the values obtained for each response with the highest degree of utility (0. 754) were as follows: weight loss 12. 15%, total phenolic compounds totaling 13. 354 mg Gallic acid de 100 g, the content of ascorbic acid in 100 ml mg 0. 9823. Conclusion: Prickly pear peeled with ohmic and infrared heaters showed significantly higher ascorbic acid content in fruits than fruit juices, more phenolic compounds in the skin and less weight loss. Also, the best treatment for optimum infrared temperature was more suitable.

Peeling skin syndrome (PSS) is a very rare keratinization disorder, characterized by spontaneous exfoliation of the stratum corneum. Herein, we report a case of non-inflammatory (type A) PSS.

In this study, removal of the brown skin (seed coat) on the hazelnut kernel was investigated using infrared radiation. Evaluation of the infrared radiation method to achieve the highest percentage of seed coat loosening on the kernel. The effects of infrared emitter power at three levels of 800, 1200 and 1600 W, radiation duration at three levels of 2, 3 and 4 minutes, and the initial moisture content of hazelnuts at four levels of 4, 6, 8, and 10% wet basis (w. b. ) were investigated. Experiments were conducted at factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. The peel loosening percentage was determined with using image processing method The results showed that by increasing in the IR radiation power and radiation time increased the percentage skin loosening significantly (p < 0. 05), while the increase of moisture content hazelnuts was caused reduced the percentage skin loosening (p < 0. 05). The most appropriate parameters the IR radiation unit were determined to be radiation power at 1600 W, the radiation time 3 min, and the moisture content of hazelnut 4% (w. b. ).

In order to improving the methods of Peeling, smoking and drying of plum var Bokhara (Santorosa), a research was dome in The experimental factorial in frame of completely randomised design with 3 replicate. The factors were: Peeling methods (Peeling with brine 700, Peeling 1.5% boiling NaOH for 30 seconds, Peeling by steam), preventing of browning (without sulphure, burning of sulphure, 2.5% Sodium-Meta-Bisulfite for 3 minutes), drying (Traditional, industrial). The test including pH, acidity, brix were done in Peeling and smoking stages and the tests including sulphure residues and after drying, organoleptic tests were done. The results showed that Peeling by NaOH had significant effect on pH, brix and acidity. Application of sulphure and Sodium-meta-Bisulfate reduced pH in fresh and dried plum. Finally the result of organoleptic tests showed that the best condition for processing dried plum is using Peeling by NaOH and suing Sodium-Meta-Bisulfite and industrial method.

Background: Comedone formation has an essential role in pathophysiology of acne, therefore destroying of comedones and preventing of comedone formation is very important in acne treatment. Objective: To determine the effect of superficial Peeling with 70% glycolic acid in the improvement of acne. Patients & Methods: In this open clinical trial without control group, 30 patients with acne referred to Razi Hospital in Tehran (mean age 18) years were treated with 70% glycolic acid and their clinical improvement was evaluated. Results: Mean numbers of comedones were 24.4± 15.2 and 2.6±5.9 in first & last visits respectively (P<0.005). Moreover, 18 patients (60%) and 12 patients (40%) had complete and relative improvement, respectively. The side effects of this treatment were minimum and transient. Conclusion: Superficial Peeling with 70% glycolic acid is effective in treatment of mild acne.      

Given the increasing consumption of nuts as a healthy snack, it is very important to find a way to maintain the qualitative properties of the products during the nourishing process. Plum is one of the most important dry matter in the world, which is traditionally peeled and dried in Iran. The experiment was done as a factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was the method of Peeling in nine levels (immersion in brine (15, 11, 8 hours), boiling water (45, 30, 10 seconds) and steam (90, 70, 60 seconds)), and the second factor was the type of drying in three levels (traditional, industrial cabinets and solar inactive cabinets). The results showed that the maximum amount of pH (3. 36) was obtained from 30 seconds boiling treatment and solar inactivated cabin dryer. The lowest browning rate (36. 07%) belonged to Peeling with brine for 15 hours and traditional drying. The highest antioxidant capacity (63. 93%) was obtained from Peeling with brine for 15 hours and industrial cabinets. The highest content of phenolic compounds (0. 12 mg/g dry weight) was ontained in the treatment of Peeling with brine for 15 hours and industrial cabinets. The highest total anthocyanin (0. 46 mg/100 ml extraction) was ontained in boiling water for 45 seconds. Peeling with brine for 15 hours and industrial cabinets recommended to improve the biochemical properties of dried plums.